Aplicación de la Mercadotecnia de Relaciones y la Calidad del Servicio para lograr la Lealtad del Cliente en una empresa de servicio de ventas al menudeo

Las compañías actuales enfrentan la competencia más difícil de la historia, pues para tener éxito en un mercado tan competido, las empresas tienen que cambiar sus paradigmas referentes a productos y ventas a los paradigmas de clientes y mercadotecnia. Para ganar el mercado actual, las empresas deben satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes mejor que la competencia y no sólo crear productos, sino la estrategia es construir relaciones con los clientes (Kotler;1996:36). La satisfacción de los clientes experimenta diversos grados. Si el desempeño del servicio o producto es menor a lo esperado por el cliente, éste se siente insatisfecho con el servicio o producto adquirido. Si por el contrario, el desempeño del servicio o producto coincide con lo esperado por el cliente, éste se siente satisfecho con el servicio o producto adquirido. Y si el desempeño del servicio o producto excede lo esperado por el cliente, éste se siente muy satisfecho con el servicio o producto adquirido, pero además, genera en el cliente una predilección por ese servicio o producto. Lo que en mercadotecnia se suele denominar actitud leal del cliente. (Kotler y Armstrong;2001:592). Las empresas deben retener a los clientes actuales y forjar relaciones rentables y duraderas con ellos. La clave para retenerlos es proporcionarles una satisfacción superior. (Kotler y Armstrong; 2001:597). La mercadotecnia de relaciones implica crear, mantener y mejorar las acciones dirigidas a conservar a los clientes rentables. Es una mercadotecnia orientada al largo plazo e implica crear relaciones gratificantes para conseguir la lealtad de los clientes

Reduced IgG anti-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with positive IgM anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies

INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by production of autoantibodies to RNA or DNA-protein complexes such as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). A role of Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis has been suggested. Similar to Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infects the majority of individuals at a young age and establishes latency with a potential for reactivation. Homology of CMV glycoprotein B (UL55) with the U1snRNP-70 kDa protein (U1-70 k) has been described; however, the role of CMV infection in production of anti-snRNPs is controversial. We investigated the association of CMV serology and autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS: Sixty-one Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were tested for CMV and Epstein-Barr virus serology (viral capsid antigen, IgG, IgM) and autoantibodies by immunoprecipitation and ELISA (IgG and IgM class, U1RNP/Sm, U1-70 k, P peptide, rheumatoid factor, dsDNA, beta2-glycoprotein I). RESULTS: IgG anti-CMV and IgM anti-CMV were positive in 95% (58/61) and 33% (20/61), respectively, and two cases were negative for both. Clinical manifestation and autoantibodies in the IgM anti-CMV+ group (n = 20) versus the IgM anti-CMV(-)IgG+ (n = 39) group were compared. Most (19/20) of the IgM anti-CMV+ cases were IgG anti-CMV+, consistent with reactivation or reinfection. IgM anti-CMV was unrelated to rheumatoid factor or IgM class autoantibodies and none was positive for IgM anti-Epstein-Barr virus-viral capsid antigen, indicating that this is not simply due to false positive results caused by rheumatoid factor or nonspecific binding by certain IgM. The IgM anti-CMV+ group has significantly lower levels of IgG anti-U1RNP/Sm and IgG anti-U1-70 k (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0046, respectively). This finding was also confirmed by immunoprecipitation. Among the IgM anti-CMV(-) subset, anti-Su was associated with anti-U1RNP and anti-Ro (P < 0.05). High levels of IgG anti-CMV were associated with production of lupus-related autoantibodies to RNA or DNA-protein complex (P = 0.0077). CONCLUSIONS : Our findings suggest a potential role of CMV in regulation of autoantibodies to snRNPs and may provide a unique insight to understand the pathogenesis

High prevalence of autoantibodies to RNA helicase A in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Introduction: Autoantibodies to RNA helicase A (RHA) were reported as a new serological marker of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with early stage of the disease. Anti-RHA and other autoantibodies in Mexican SLE patients and their correlation with clinical and immunological features were examined.Methods: Autoantibodies in sera from 62 Mexican SLE patients were tested by immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled K562 cell extract and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (anti-U1RNP/Sm, ribosomal P, ?2GPI, and dsDNA). Anti-RHA was screened based on the immunoprecipitation of the 140-kDa protein, the identity of which was verified by Western blot using rabbit anti-RHA serum. Clinical and immunological characteristics of anti-RHA-positive patients were analyzed.Results: Anti-RHA was detected in 23% (14/62) of patients, a prevalence higher than that of anti-Sm (13%, 8/62). Prevalence and levels of various autoantibodies were not clearly different between anti-RHA (+) vs. (-) cases, although there was a trend of higher levels of anti-RHA antibodies in patients without anti-U1RNP/Sm (P = 0.07). Both anti-RHA and -Sm were common in cases within one year of diagnosis; however, the prevalence and levels of anti-RHA in patients years after diagnosis did not reduce dramatically, unlike a previous report in American patients. This suggests that the high prevalence of anti-RHA in Mexican patients may be due to relatively stable production of anti-RHA.Conclusions: Anti-RHA was detected at high prevalence in Mexican SLE patients. Detection of anti-RHA in races in which anti-Sm is not common should be clinically useful. Racial difference in the clinical significance of anti-RHA should be clarified in future studies. � 2010 V�zques-Del Mercado et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Calidad de vida en personas con obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión

Introduction: obesity is understood as the abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that can be harmful to health and is measured according to the body mass index (BMI); on the other hand, diabetes is defined as a chronic disease that appears when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body does not effectively use the insulin it produces; finally, hypertension is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Objective: to determine the quality of life in people with obesity, diabetes and hypertension in an urban population of the city of Orizaba, Veracruz. Material and methods: quantitative, descriptive, correlational, prospective and cross-sectional research, with simple random probability sampling. Results and discussion: the quality of life in people with obesity (28 people) was 7.16% high, 21.42% medium and 71.42% low. In diabetes (44 persons), 67.7% scored high and 6.5% regular. In hypertension (42 persons), 56.6% mentioned having a very good quality of life, 9.7% good and 1.6% fair. The results are in contrast to research studies where the quality of life in people with obesity, diabetes and hypertension was different since they identified important affectations limiting the development of daily activities. Conclusions: it is recommended that health professionals and nursing students continue to carry out research work with quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches to obtain real information that can be used to create designs for future interventions.Introducción: la obesidad se entiende como la acumulación anormal o excesiva de grasa que puede ser perjudicial para la salud, y se mide de acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), por otro lado, la diabetes, se define como una enfermedad crónica que aparece cuando el páncreas no produce insulina suficiente o cuando el organismo no utiliza eficazmente la insulina que fabrica, por último, la hipertensión es el principal factor de riesgo para sufrir una enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivo: determinar la calidad de vida en personas con obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión, de una población urbana de la ciudad de Orizaba, Veracruz. Material y métodos: investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional, prospectiva y transversal, con muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Resultados y discusión: la de calidad de vida en personas con obesidad (28 personas), el 7.16% alta, 21.42% media y 71.42%, es baja. En diabetes (44 personas), el 67.7%, puntuó como alta y el 6.5% regular. En hipertensión (42 personas), el 56.6% mencionó tener una muy buena calidad de vida, 9.7% buena y 1.6% regular. Los resultados se contraponen investigaciones donde la calidad de vida en personas con obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión fue diferente ya que identificaron afectaciones importantes limitando desarrollar actividades cotidianas. Conclusiones: se recomienda que los profesionales de salud y los estudiantes de Enfermería sigan realizando trabajos de investigación con enfoques cuantitativos, cualitativos y mixtos, para obtener información real que sirva para la creación de diseños para intervenciones futuras

Conocimiento en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos en universitarios: estudio comparativo

Introduction: knowledge in the use of contraceptive methods is the tool that allows the exercise of the right to sexuality responsibly; many young people know or have heard that there are different ways to prevent pregnancies, but they do not necessarily have the real training to use them properly. Objective: to determine the level of knowledge in the use of contraceptive methods in university students of the Bachelor's Degree in Nursing and Bachelor's Degree in Business Management and Direction. Materials and methods: quantitative, descriptive, comparative and correlational study, in a population of 462 students. Results and discussion: The level of knowledge in the use of contraceptive methods of the students of the Bachelor's Degree in Nursing was high (84.5%) and medium (15.5%), while, in the Bachelor's Degree in Business Management and Direction, it was high (61.2%), medium (37. 3%) and low (1.5%), it was confirmed that those who know which are the barrier (rs=.442, p=&lt;0.01), natural (rs=.568, p=&lt;0.01), hormonal (rs=.836, p=&lt;0.01) and definitive methods, are those who have greater knowledge and know how to use the methods (rs=.398, p=&lt;0.01). Conclusions: There is an area of opportunity to create a sexuality and reproductive health program according to personal and cultural characteristics, for the students of the Bachelor's Degree in Business Management and Direction and to reinforce the knowledge in the students of the Bachelor's Degree in Nursing.Introducción: el conocimiento en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos es la herramienta que permite el ejercicio del derecho a la sexualidad responsablemente; muchos jóvenes conocen o han escuchado que existen diferentes formas de prevenir embarazos, no necesariamente cuentan con la capacitación real para utilizarlos adecuadamente. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimiento en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos en universitarios de la Licenciatura en Enfermería y Licenciatura en Gestión y Dirección de Negocios. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, comparativo y correlacional, en una población de 462 estudiantes. Resultados y discusión: El nivel de conocimientos en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos de los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería fue alto (84.5%) y medio (15.5%), mientras que, en la Licenciatura en Gestión y Dirección de Negocios, fue alto (61.2%), medio (37.3%) y bajo (1.5%), se confirmó que quienes saben cuáles son los métodos de barrera (rs=.442, p=&lt;0.01), naturales (rs=.568, p=&lt;0.01), hormonales (rs=.836, p=&lt;0.01) y definitivos, son los que tienen mayor conocimiento y saben usar los métodos (rs=.398, p=&lt;0.01). Conclusiones: Existe un área de oportunidad para crear un programa de sexualidad y salud reproductiva de acuerdo con las características personales y culturales, para los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Gestión y Dirección de Negocios y reforzar el conocimiento en los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería

In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Broadly Neutralizing Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Isolated from a Semi-Immune Phage Display Library

Neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 are among the most promising strategies to prevent and/or treat COVID-19. However, as SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into new variants, most of the neutralizing antibodies authorized by the US FDA and/or EMA to treat COVID-19 have shown reduced efficacy or have failed to neutralize the variants of concern (VOCs), particularly B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Previously, we reported the discovery and characterization of antibodies with high affinity for SARS-CoV-2 RBD Wuhan (WT), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) strains. One of the antibodies, called IgG-A7, also blocked the interaction of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) with the RBDs of the three strains, suggesting it may be a broadly SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody. Herein, we show that IgG-A7 efficiently neutralizes all the three SARS-CoV-2 strains in plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs). In addition, we demonstrate that IgG-A7 fully protects K18-hACE2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 WT. Taken together, our findings indicate that IgG-A7 could be a suitable candidate for development of antibody-based drugs to treat and/or prevent SARS-CoV-2 VOCs infection